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# Car Hacking Resources: From Origins to Today
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A historical and up-to-date guide to the world of automotive security and car hacking covering foundational breakthroughs, major attacks, community growth, tools, and essential resources.
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---
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## Table of Contents
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- [Early Days: 1990s–2000s](#1-early-days-1990s2000s)
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- [2010–2014: Proof-of-Concepts and Recognition](#2-20102014-proof-of-concepts-and-recognition)
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- [2015–2018: Mainstream Awareness and Escalation](#3-20152018-mainstream-awareness-and-escalation)
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- [2019–2021: Community, Tools, and Remote Exploits](#4-20192021-community-tools-and-remote-exploits)
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- [2022–2025: Modern Era and Emerging Frontiers](#5-20222025-modern-era-and-emerging-frontiers)
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- [Essential Learning & Research Resources](#6-essential-learning--research-resources)
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- [Getting Started with Car Hacking (Today)](#7-getting-started-with-car-hacking-today)
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- [Summary Timeline of Milestones](#8-summary-timeline-of-milestones)
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- [Curated Modern Automotive Security List (2025)](#9-curated-modern-automotive-security-list-2025)
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---
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## 1. Early Days: 1990s–2000s
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- **First Hacking Points:** OBD (On-Board Diagnostics) port introduction enabled access to engine management with custom hardware and proprietary protocols.
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- **Key Focus:** Wired access to in-vehicle networks, mainly CAN (Controller Area Network, [CAN Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus), standardized 1991).
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- **Barriers:** Highly proprietary, isolated systems; vehicle-specific strategies required.
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---
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## 2. 2010–2014: Proof-of-Concepts and Recognition
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- Researchers began hacking ECUs through direct access, quickly moving to remote attacks via Bluetooth, CD, cellular, and more.
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- Notable exploits included 2011 Chevy Malibu remote hacks ([Wired Article](https://www.wired.com/2011/03/hackers-car/)) and proof that almost any connected vehicle could be at risk.
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- **Open-source tools and low-cost OBD-II USB adapters** made experimentation accessible.
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---
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## 3. 2015–2018: Mainstream Awareness and Escalation
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- **Landmark Hacks:**
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- 2013: [Miller and Valasek](https://illmatics.com/carhacking.html) controlled Ford Escape and Toyota Prius (acceleration, steering, GPS spoofing).
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- 2015: [Jeep Cherokee/UConnect hack](https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/) allowed full remote takeover - leading to million-vehicle recall.
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- Tesla ([2016 hack](https://www.wired.com/2016/09/tesla-hack-can-remote-control-brakes-and-more/)), BMW ([ConnectedDrive hack](https://www.wired.com/2015/01/hackers-remotely-unlock-dozens-bmw-models/)), and Nissan ([Nissan Leaf hack](https://www.troyhunt.com/controlling-vehicle-features-of-nissan/)) also targeted through remote and telematics attacks.
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- **Ecosystem Milestones:**
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- [Instrument Cluster Simulator (ICSim)](https://github.com/zombieCraig/ICSim) released.
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- [DEF CON Car Hacking Village](https://www.carhackingvillage.com/) - a global hub for car security research.
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---
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## 4. 2019–2021: Community, Tools, and Remote Exploits
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- **Events:** [Car Hacking Village (DEF CON)](https://www.carhackingvillage.com/) and [Car Hacking Village @ DefCamp](https://def.camp/car-hacking-village/) expand globally.
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- [Open Garages](https://github.com/openGarages) and online forums centralize tutorials, datasets, and collaborative research.
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- Tools like [can-utils](https://github.com/linux-can/can-utils), [python-can](https://pypi.org/project/python-can/), and [Scapy/CAN](https://dissec.to/kb/chapters/can/can-scapy.html) widely adopted in both hobbyist and professional domains.
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- Complexity increases - modern vehicles become software-centric and remotely exploitable.
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---
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## 5. 2022–2025: Modern Era and Emerging Frontiers
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- **API & Backend Attacks:**
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- Mass remote exploitation of telematics APIs by researchers - impacting brands like Acura, Kia ([Kia API bug](https://samcurry.net/hacking-kia)), BMW, Tesla ([Tesla charger exploit](https://www.synacktiv.com/en/publications/exploiting-the-tesla-wall-connector-from-its-charge-port-connector)), Nissan ([Nissan Leaf hack](https://www.troyhunt.com/controlling-vehicle-features-of-nissan/)), and Škoda ([Škoda Mobile App bug](https://blog.vensis.pl/2019/11/vw-hacking/)).
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- **Hardware & Software Expansion:** Advanced interfaces and attack tools: [Nano-CAN](https://github.com/mintynet/nano-can), [CANtact](http://linklayer.github.io/cantact/), [CANPico](https://canislabs.com/canpico/), [M2 by Macchina](https://www.macchina.cc/), [ELM327](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07SK6MJT1/).
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- **Active Communities:** [DEF CON Car Hacking Village](https://www.carhackingvillage.com/), [ASRG](https://asrg.io/), [Car Hacking Village (Europe, DefCamp)](https://def.camp/car-hacking-village/), [Open Garages](https://github.com/openGarages).
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- **Ongoing Publications:** [The Car Hacker’s Handbook](https://nostarch.com/carhacking), academic surveys ([ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404825001415), [MDPI Sensors](https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6139)), live vulnerability tracking ([VicOne zero-days](https://vicone.com/automotive-zero-day-vulnerabilities)).
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---
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## 6. Essential Learning & Research Resources
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| Resource/Community | Type | Description/Notes |
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|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|------------------------------------------------|
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| [The Car Hacker’s Handbook (Craig Smith)](https://nostarch.com/carhacking) | Book | Comprehensive guide to car security |
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| [Hacking Connected Cars](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119491761/) | Book | Techniques and procedures book |
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| [ICSim](https://github.com/zombieCraig/ICSim) | Toolkit/Software | CAN cluster simulation |
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| [can-utils](https://github.com/linux-can/can-utils) | Toolkit/Software | CAN bus open-source tools |
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| [python-can](https://pypi.org/project/python-can/) | Toolkit/Software | Python CAN bus library |
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| [Scapy/CAN Layer](https://dissec.to/kb/chapters/can/can-scapy.html) | Toolkit/Software | CAN protocol analysis |
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| [DEF CON Car Hacking Village](https://www.carhackingvillage.com/) | Community/Event | Global in-person and virtual hands-on events |
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| [Car Hacking Village @ DefCamp](https://def.camp/car-hacking-village/) | Community/Event | European CTF/hack venue |
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| [ASRG](https://asrg.io/) | Community | Auto Security Research Group: global research |
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| [Open Garages](https://github.com/openGarages) | Forum/Repo | Tutorials, datasets, simulation kits |
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| [Upstream Security Reports](https://upstream.auto/reports/global-automotive-cybersecurity-report/) | Research/Survey | Trends, vulnerabilities, industry survey |
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| [The Hacker News: API survey](https://thehackernews.com/2023/01/millions-of-vehicles-at-risk-api.html) | News/Research | Mass API attack reports |
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| [arXiv: UWBAD paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.00682) | Research | Ultra-Wideband relay attack research |
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| [arXiv: SAE J1939 attacks](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.00810) | Research | Heavy-duty transport attacks |
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| [ScienceDirect: HD vehicle review](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404825001415) | Research | Heavy vehicle vulnerabilities |
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| [MDPI Sensors: SDV security](https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6139) | Research/Survey | Survey on frameworks/attacks |
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| [VicOne Zero-Day Database](https://vicone.com/automotive-zero-day-vulnerabilities) | Vulnerability DB | Live CVE, 0-day tracking |
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---
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## 7. Getting Started with Car Hacking (Today)
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- **Read:** [The Car Hacker’s Handbook](https://nostarch.com/carhacking)
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- **Practice:** Use [ICSim](https://github.com/zombieCraig/ICSim), [ELM327](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07SK6MJT1/), [CANtact](http://linklayer.github.io/cantact/) on test benches.
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- **Engage:** [ASRG](https://asrg.io/), [Open Garages](https://github.com/openGarages), [DEF CON Car Hacking Village](https://www.carhackingvillage.com/)
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- **Stay Current:** [Upstream Reports](https://upstream.auto/reports/global-automotive-cybersecurity-report/), [arXiv search: automotive security](https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=automotive+security), [HackerNews](https://thehackernews.com/search?q=automotive)
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---
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## 8. Summary Timeline of Milestones
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- **1990s–2000s:** OBD/CAN bus hacking ([CAN bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus))
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- **2010–2014:** [Chevy Malibu hack (Wired)](https://www.wired.com/2011/03/hackers-car/), [CAN-utils](https://github.com/linux-can/can-utils), [ELM327](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07SK6MJT1/)
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- **2015:** [Jeep UConnect hack](https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/), [DEF CON Car Hacking Village](https://www.carhackingvillage.com/)
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- **2016–2018:** [BMW](https://www.wired.com/2015/01/hackers-remotely-unlock-dozens-bmw-models/), [Tesla](https://www.wired.com/2016/09/tesla-hack-can-remote-control-brakes-and-more/), [ICSim](https://github.com/zombieCraig/ICSim)
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- **2019–2025:** [API hacks survey](https://thehackernews.com/2023/01/millions-of-vehicles-at-risk-api.html), [Upstream Report](https://upstream.auto/reports/global-automotive-cybersecurity-report/), [VicOne 0-days](https://vicone.com/automotive-zero-day-vulnerabilities)
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---
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## 9. Curated Modern Automotive Security List (2025)
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### Approach & Methodology
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- In-Vehicle Network, Hardware Hacking, Firmware, Wireless, Mobile App, Cloud/Telemetry, AI-based Security, Supply Chain, Mobility.
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### Communities & Events
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- [ASRG](https://asrg.io/)
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- [Auto-ISAC](https://automotiveisac.com/)
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- [Car Hacking Village – DEF CON](https://www.carhackingvillage.com/)
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- [Pwn2Own Automotive](https://www.automotiveworld.jp/tokyo/en-gb/conference/pwn2own.html)
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- [Automotive Cybersecurity Detroit 2025](https://www.automotive-iq.com/events-automotive-cybersecurity/agenda-mc)
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- [Auto-ISAC Europe Summit 2025](https://automotiveisac.com/2025-europe-summit)
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- [escar Europe 2025](https://easychair.org/cfp/escarEurope2025)
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### Educational Resources
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- [Car Hacker’s Handbook](https://nostarch.com/carhacking)
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- [Hacking Connected Cars](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119491761/)
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- [ASRG YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/@automotivesecurityresearch1613)
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- [Car Hacking Village YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/@carhackingvillage)
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- [CANisLabs Blog](https://kentindell.github.io/)
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- [CANBusHack Blog](https://canbushack.com/blog/)
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### Tools & Platforms
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#### Hardware
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- [Nano-CAN](https://github.com/mintynet/nano-can)
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- [USBtin](http://www.fischl.de/usbtin/)
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- [USB2CAN](http://www.8devices.com/products/usb2can/)
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- [CANPico](https://canislabs.com/canpico/)
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- [OBD-KILL](https://store.intrepidcs.com/product/chv-badge-30)
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- [ELM327](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07SK6MJT1/)
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- [CANtact](http://linklayer.github.io/cantact/)
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- [Macchina M2](https://www.macchina.cc/)
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#### Software
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- [can-utils](https://github.com/linux-can/can-utils)
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- [ICSim](https://github.com/zombieCraig/ICSim/)
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- [UDSim](https://github.com/zombieCraig/UDSim/)
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- [CANalyse 2.0](https://github.com/canalyse/CANalyse-2.0)
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- [CANToolz](https://github.com/eik00d/CANToolz)
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- [CANalyzat0r](https://github.com/schutzwerk/CANalyzat0r)
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#### Libraries
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- [python-can](https://pypi.org/project/python-can/)
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- [Scap CAN Layer](https://dissec.to/kb/chapters/can/can-scapy.html)
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#### Lists & Platforms
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- [Awesome Vehicle Security](https://github.com/jaredthecoder/awesome-vehicle-security)
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- [wtsxDev/Vehicle-Security](https://github.com/wtsxDev/Vehicle-Security)
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- [Carpunk](https://github.com/souravbaghz/Carpunk)
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- [pq-flasher](https://github.com/I-CAN-hack/pq-flasher)
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- [FOSSA for Automotive](https://fossa.com/industries/manufacturing-autos/)
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- [GitGuardian for Automotive](https://www.gitguardian.com/industries/automotive)
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### Research, Papers & Vulnerabilities
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- [UWBAD – Ultra-Wideband Keyless Entry Jamming (arXiv)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.00682)
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- [SAE J1939 Attacks (arXiv)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.00810)
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- [ScienceDirect: Heavy-Duty Vehicle Security Review](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404825001415)
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- [MDPI Sensors: Survey on SDV Security](https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/6139)
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- [VicOne Automotive Zero-Day Vulnerabilities](https://vicone.com/automotive-zero-day-vulnerabilities)
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- [The Hacker News – API Vulnerability Survey](https://thehackernews.com/2023/01/millions-of-vehicles-at-risk-api.html)
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- [Upstream: 2025 Global Automotive Cybersecurity Report](https://upstream.auto/reports/global-automotive-cybersecurity-report/)
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### Regulations & Standards
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- [UN ECE WP.29 (R155/R156) summary](https://unece.org/transport/vehicle-regulations/notifications-un-regulations/r155)
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- [ISO/SAE 21434 overview](https://www.iso.org/standard/70918.html)
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- [Cyber Defense Magazine: Future of Automotive Cybersecurity](https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/the-future-of-automotive-cybersecurity-safeguarding-the-next-generation-of-mobility/)
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### New & Emerging Threats
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- AI Security & Prompt Injection
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- Automotive Software Supply Chain Security
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- Connected Mobility & Telematics API Security
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- EV Charging Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
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- Ransomware & Data Breach Response
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### Recommendations
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- Monitor live vulnerability and supply chain intelligence portals (e.g., [VicOne](https://vicone.com/automotive-zero-day-vulnerabilities), [FOSSA](https://fossa.com/industries/manufacturing-autos/), [GitGuardian](https://www.gitguardian.com/industries/automotive)).
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- Engage at [DEF CON Car Hacking Village](https://www.carhackingvillage.com/), [Auto-ISAC Summits](https://automotiveisac.com/), and [Pwn2Own Automotive](https://www.automotiveworld.jp/tokyo/en-gb/conference/pwn2own.html).
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- Follow and contribute to open-source and research repositories.
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- Stay updated with [Upstream Reports](https://upstream.auto/reports/global-automotive-cybersecurity-report/), and adapt to regulatory and threat intelligence changes.
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---
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*This guide covers car hacking’s journey from early OBD/CAN explorations to today’s cloud, API, and AI security challenges - linking you directly to key reference points and resources at each stage.*
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